The Moldavian kaval is an alto-range whistle mainly played on the higher harmonics, usually supported by a low hum from the player which induces a kazoo-like timbre, increases the volume and makes the higher notes sound more readily. The commonest size produces the A below middle C as its lowest note. Its natural scale is A minor with a sharpened fourth.
Higher harmonics correspond to increasing breath pressure. I have indicated which harmonic is in use like this:
... / 0 fundamental ... / 1 first harmonic (octave) ... / 2 second harmonic (octave and a fifth) ... / 3 third harmonic (double octave)
Notes are named using ABC conventions. Notes marked !! are rarely used.
e' 1-- -- / 3 d#' 12- -- / 3 c' 123 -- / 3 b 123 4- / 3 a 123 45 / 3 b 1-- -- / 2 a# 12- -- / 2 !! g 123 -- / 2 f# 123 4- / 2 e 123 45 / 2 f --- -- / 1 !! e 1-- -- / 1 d# 12- -- / 1 c 123 -- / 1 B 123 4- / 1 A 123 45 / 1 F --- -- / 0 !! E 1-- -- / 0 D# 12- -- / 0 C 123 -- / 0 B, 123 4- / 0 A, 123 45 / 0